PROMOTING CIVIL
RIGHTS AND PROHIBITING HARASSMENT, BULLYING,
DISCRIMINATION,
AND HATE CRIMES POLICY
I.
GOALS
The
II.
GENERAL STATEMENT OF POLICY
The
This Policy applies to all sites and activities the
District supervises controls, or where it has jurisdiction under the law.
It applies to all students, school committee members, school employees,
independent contractors, school volunteers, parents and legal guardians of
students, and visitors to District schools where the conduct occurs on school
premises or in school-related activities, including in school-related
transportation. Nothing in this
Policy, however, is designed or
intended to limit the District’s authority to discipline or take remedial
action under General Laws Chapter 71, §37H, or in response to violent,
harmful, or disruptive behavior, regardless of whether this Policy covers the
conduct.
Violation of this Policy is a serious offense.
Violators will be subject to appropriate disciplinary and/or corrective
action to correct and end the conduct, prevent its reoccurrence, and protect
the complainant and other similarly-situated individuals from harassment,
discrimination, hate crimes, retaliation, and bullying in the future.
III.
REPORTING AND RESOLUTION PROCESS
A.
DESIGNATED
OFFICIALS FOR REPORTING
The District Civil Rights Coordinators are:
Peter McGinn, Assistant Superintendent,
Telephone # (978)363-2280 ext. 22
and
Ruth Brophy, Health Coordinator,
Telephone # (978)363-2280 ext. 26
1. In Each
The school principal or the District’s Civil Rights
Coordinators are responsible for receiving reports and complaints of
violations of this Policy at the school level. A report or complaint of a violation of this Policy involving a principal
should be filed with either Civil Rights Coordinator or Superintendent.
2.
For
the Central Administration
The
Civil Rights Coordinators are responsible for receiving and addressing reports
or complaints of violations of this Policy at the district level.
A report or complaint involving the Civil Rights
Coordinator should be filed with the Superintendent; a report or
complaint involving the Superintendent with the School Committee.
B. REPORTING PROCEDURES
1. Any school employee, independent contractor, or school
volunteer who becomes aware or has a reasonable belief that harassment,
bullying, discrimination, retaliation, or a hate crime has occurred or may
have occurred on school property or in a school-related activity must
promptly report the alleged incident(s) to a designated official.
2. Any student or other person (who is not a school
employee, independent contractor or school volunteer) who becomes aware or has
a reasonable belief that harassment, bullying, discrimination, retaliation, or
a hate crime has occurred or may have occurred on school property or in a
school-related activity is strongly encouraged to and should
promptly report the incident(s) to a designated official.
In situations where a student or other person does not feel comfortable
reporting the incident to a designated official, (s)he may report it to a
trusted school employee, who must promptly transmit the report to a designated
official.
3. Any school community member may also report possible
incidents of harassment, bullying, discrimination, retaliation, or a hate
crime directly to a Principal, the District Civil Rights Coordinators or to
the Superintendent.
4.
Upon receipt of a written or oral report or complaint, the principal
(or his/her designee) and The Civil Rights Coordinator will promptly notify
one another of the facts alleged and any initial action taken.
5.
When a
report or complaint involves physical injury, the principal (or his/her
designee) will promptly report the incident to the Superintendent.
6.
All complaints or reports about a violation of this Policy must be
documented on the District’s “Reporting/Complaint Form” (see Attachment I). The
form is available from designated officials.
If
a complainant or reporter is either unwilling or unable to complete the
District’s Reporting/Complaint Form, the school principal who receives the
oral complaint or report will promptly prepare a written report, by filling
out the District’s Reporting/Complaint Form, using, to the extent
practicable, the reporter’s or complainant’s own words to describe the
potential violation.
7. On the District’s Reporting/Complaint Form, the
principal will summarize any initial action taken.
8. If the complaint occurs at the school level, the
designated official (or principal) will promptly provide the principal with
the completed Reporting/Complaint Form (or to The Civil Rights Coordinator, if
the principal is the subject of the complaint), with a copy to either District
Civil Rights Coordinator. If the
complaint occurs at the district level, the designated official will promptly
provide the completed Reporting/Complaint Form to the District Civil
Rights Coordinator.
9. Reporting Sexual Abuse and Other Serious Criminal
Conduct
a.
General
Laws Chapter 119, Section 51A, makes
administrators, teachers, school nurses, guidance counselors and other school
staff members mandated reporters for purposes of reporting child abuse and
neglect to the Department of Social Services (DSS).
Under
G.L.
c. 119, Section 51A, a school staff member who has reasonable cause to believe
that a student under the age of 18 years is suffering physical, sexual, or
emotional abuse, or neglect, by a parent, guardian, school staff member, or
other caretaker, must immediately report the abuse or neglect either directly
to the DSS or to the person designated by the school to accept those reports,
who, in turn, must promptly report the abuse to the DSS.
b.
The principal and/or Superintendent will report certain forms
of sexual harassment and conduct (i.e., unwanted sexual touching or sexual
assault) that may constitute a crime to the local police.
c. The principal and/or Superintendent will report physical
injury, destruction of public property, potential hate crimes, and other acts
of a serious criminal nature to the local police for criminal investigation.
C. FILING A COMPLAINT OR
REPORT
1. The complainant or reporter files a written complaint
or report with a designated official, using the District’s
Reporting/Complaint Form, identifying the name(s) of the subject of the
complaint, if known; describing the facts and circumstances of the incident or
pattern of behavior; providing the time(s) and date(s) of the incident(s); and
identifying any witnesses and relevant documentary information.
2. A complainant or reporter may also file an oral complaint or report. In those circumstances, a designated official will complete the District’s Reporting/Complaint Form based on the oral information, using, to the extent practicable, the complainant or reporter’s own words. The complainant will sign the Reporting/Complaint Form.
E. INFORMAL
PROCEEDINGS
1. Upon the initiation of an Informal Proceeding, the
designated official, in consultation with the District Civil Rights
Coordinator, will separately meet
in a timely manner with the complainant and the subject of the complaint, and
if a student, with their parent(s) or guardian(s), to tell them about the
informal process, the nature of the complaint, explain the prohibition against
retaliation, and determine the corrective action the complainant seeks.
2. If appropriate after adequate investigation, the designated
official, in consultation with the District Civil Rights Coordinator, will
propose a resolution. If the
complainant, the alleged offender and their parent(s) or guardian(s) agree
with the proposed resolution, the designated official will write down the
resolution, and the complainant and the subject of the complaint, and their
parent or guardian, if present, will sign it, and each person will receive a
copy. At the meeting, the
designated official will again explain the prohibition against retaliation.
3. A designated official will monitor the situation, and
will follow up with the complainant at least weekly for two months to determine whether there are further incidents or
concerns. The designated official
will maintain a written record of the follow up.
4. If the complainant and alleged offender cannot agree to
an informal resolution, or if at
any time after resolution the designated official, in consultation with The
Civil Rights Coordinator, determines that the problem is not corrected, the
District may apply the Student Code of Conduct or commence a Formal
Proceeding. If this Policy does
not cover the reported conduct, the District will address the report or
complaint through its Student Code of Conduct, if applicable.
F.
FORMAL PROCEEDINGS
1. The designated official will separately meet in a timely
manner with the complainant and the subject of the complaint, and if a
student, with their parent(s) or guardian(s), to tell them about the formal
process, explain the prohibition against retaliation, and determine the
corrective action the complainant seeks. The
designated official will also explain that the investigation will be kept as
confidential as possible, but that the District cannot promise absolute
confidentiality, and may not be
able to withhold the complainant’s identity from the subject of the
complaint, since such a promise could interfere with the District’s ability
to enforce its Policy, conduct a fair and thorough investigation, or impose
disciplinary or corrective action.
STEP TWO
2. A designated official will conduct an investigation in
accordance with the procedures described in Section G, Investigations.
STEP THREE
3. The designated official, in consultation with the
District Civil Rights Coordinator, will determine whether the allegations have
been substantiated, and whether the Policy, or if the subject of the complaint is a student, the Student Code of
Conduct, has been violated. If the
complaint is substantiated, the designated official, in consultation with the
District Civil Rights Coordinator, will decide, based on the investigative
findings, on the appropriate action. If
legal issues arise, the designated official will seek the advice and guidance
of legal counsel for the District.
4. The designated official, in consultation with the
District Civil Rights Coordinator, will prepare a written report that includes
the investigative findings, the investigative steps taken, and the reasons for
those findings. These findings
will specify whether the allegations have been substantiated, whether the
Policy, or if the subject of the complaint is a student, the Student Code of
Conduct, has been violated, and any decision for disciplinary and corrective
action.
5. The principal, the employee’s supervisor (if the
subject of the complaint is an employee), or the Superintendent will impose
any disciplinary or corrective action.
7. If a complaint is
substantiated, a report of the incident and its resolution will be placed in
the offender’s student record or employee personnel file.
8. If the
District’s investigation results from a third party report, the designated
official will inform that person that the District has taken steps consistent
with the Policy, while not providing information about any disciplinary action
imposed or any other information that would violate applicable state and
federal confidentiality laws or student record regulations.
9. Any disciplinary or corrective action against a student
or employee must conform to the due process requirements of federal and state
law.
STEP FIVE
11. A designated official will monitor the situation, and will
follow up with the complainant at least weekly for two months to determine
whether there are further incidents or concerns, and whether the corrective
action imposed has been effective. The
designated official will maintain a written record of the follow up.
12. The complainant may ask the District Civil Rights Coordinator
to review, and, if appropriate, revise any non-disciplinary corrective action
imposed through a Formal Proceeding, if the complainant believes that the
corrective action is not adequate to protect him/her from future harassment,
discrimination, bullying, retaliation, or a hate crime.
13.
Any right of appeal from a disciplinary decision is governed by the Student
Code of Conduct, the school’s disciplinary code, applicable collective
bargaining agreements, and
1. Prompt and
Thorough Investigations: Except where Informal Proceedings are
initiated, the school or District, through a designated official, in
consultation with the District Civil Rights Coordinator, will promptly
investigate all reports or complaints of an alleged violation of this Policy (even
where the offender is unknown), as set forth below.
The nature and duration of an investigation will depend on the
circumstances, including the type, severity and frequency of the alleged
conduct. The goal of an
investigation is to obtain an accurate and complete account of all incidents
and circumstances deemed relevant to the allegations of the complaint.
No complaint is considered frivolous; on the other hand,
culpability is never presumed. These
procedures are intended to protect the rights of a victim and the rights of a
wrongfully accused individual.
2. Emergencies:
School officials will immediately call 911 in case of a threat of imminent
physical harm or actual physical harm to a school community member or where
police, fire, medical, or other emergency assistance is needed.
3. Opening
Investigations: Upon receipt of a report or complaint, a designated
official, in consultation with the District Civil Rights Coordinator, will
promptly undertake an investigation or authorize a third party designated by
the District or school to undertake an investigation.
4. Investigative
Procedure: The designated official investigating the incident will
gather and preserve evidence, and identify all involved parties and witnesses.
If the incident involves physical injury, destruction of public
property, or other acts of a serious criminal nature,
the designated official will confer with the local police department prior
to gathering or preserving evidence to
determine if the incident requires law enforcement involvement. Until
the designated official confers with the local police, however, s(he) will
secure the evidence from contamination or removal. The investigation will
generally consist of personal interviews with the complainant, the subject(s)
of the complaint and others who witnessed or may have potentially relevant
knowledge about the alleged incident or circumstances giving rise to the
report or complaint. Interviews
will be conducted in a manner that protects the privacy of individuals to the
extent practicable under the circumstances.
The designated official should take notes during interviews, or prepare
them soon thereafter, for the purpose of maintaining accurate records.
The designated official will also generally review and evaluate any
other information or document, including video recordings, voice mails,
e-mails, instant messages, information regarding any prior incident(s)
committed by the subject of the complaint, or any other item deemed relevant
to the allegations.
5. Communication
During Investigation:
Throughout the investigatory and complaint resolution process, the
designated official will make reasonable efforts to regularly inform the
complainant and the subject of the complaint and their parent(s) or guardian(s)
of the status of the complaint, and the anticipated timing for concluding the
investigation, and making a determination.
The designated official will notify each person interviewed or made
aware of the investigation that the investigation is confidential and should
not be discussed with other students or District employees.
The designated official will tell them that the District will not
tolerate retaliation against the complainant or reporter, or anyone else who
cooperates with the investigation.
6. Time for
Investigations: The designated official will complete his/her
investigation as soon as practicable, not normally to exceed ten (10) business
days after (s)he receives the complaint or report.
The investigation may exceed ten days only for good cause or with
consent of the parties; the designated official will document these reasons in
the investigatory file. The
designated official will expedite the investigation of any claim involving
physical violence or serious threats of harm.
7. Ensuring Safety
During Investigation: The
designated official, in consultation with the District Civil Rights
Coordinator, will take any step s(he) determines is necessary
and/or advisable to protect, to the extent practicable, the complainant,
witnesses, and other individuals from further incidents or from retaliation
pending the outcome of the investigation.
Those steps for students may include, but are not limited to, ordering
interim disciplinary action under the Student Code of Conduct, appropriate
adult supervision, reassigning classroom seating, temporarily transferring
the student subject of the complaint from his/her class(es) with the
complainant or to an alternative school assignment, instructing the subject of
the complaint to avoid communication or contact with the complainant and to
maintain a safe distance (for example, fifteen feet) from the complainant
while on school property or in school-related activities, and monitoring
compliance and reporting non-compliance of protective orders issued by a
court. Prior to a resolution of
the complaint or report, the designated official will make reasonable efforts
to monitor the success of the interim measures in achieving their goals.
At the discretion of a school and/or District administrator, a student
complainant may also temporarily transfer classes or schools, where available,
but only where the student and his/her parent or guardian voluntarily consent
to the transfer.
8. Victim
Assistance: The designated official (or his/her designee) will make
appropriate referrals for victim assistance, including counseling and crisis
intervention, if requested, or as needed.
9. Victim Non-Cooperation:
Where a violation of the Policy has been reported by a third party, and
the alleged victim fails to cooperate with the investigation, or denies the
incident occurred, disciplinary and corrective action may by precluded, or
limited, depending on the circumstances and the availability of information
from other sources.
10. False Charges: Any
person who makes knowingly false charges or brings a malicious complaint is
subject to disciplinary and/or corrective action.
A
designated official, in consultation with the District Civil Rights
Coordinator, will determine whether a particular action or incident
constitutes a violation of this Policy.
The determination will be based on all the facts and surrounding
circumstances, including the context, nature, frequency and severity of the
behavior, how long the conduct continued, where the incident(s) occurred, the
number of persons involved in the wrongful conduct, the ages of and
relationships between the parties, past incidents or patterns of behavior, and
whether the conduct adversely affected the education or school environment of
the victim or other school community member.
I. CONFIDENTIALITY
The
District will respect the privacy of the complainant, the subject(s) of the
complaint, and the witnesses to the extent possible consistent with its
obligations under federal and state law and regulations and its Policy to
investigate, report, and take appropriate disciplinary and corrective action,
and consistent with applicable and state and federal confidentiality laws and
student record regulations.
VI.
DISCIPLINARY AND CORRECTIVE ACTION
A. IMPOSING
DISCIPLINARY AND CORRECTIVE ACTION
If
a designated official, in consultation with the District Civil Rights
Coordinator, concludes that the subject of the complaint has violated this
Policy, the District will in a timely manner impose disciplinary measures
and/or corrective action reasonably calculated to end the complained of
conduct, deter future conduct, and protect the complainant(s) and other
similarly situated individuals. In
imposing disciplinary and corrective measures the District will take into
account harm the victim and other members of the school community suffered and
any damage to school climate or property.
The decision whether discipline is imposed and the nature of any
disciplinary action must comply with the District and school’s disciplinary
policies.
B. ACTION CONCERNING STUDENTS
Disciplinary and corrective action concerning a
student may include, but is not limited to, a written warning; classroom or
school transfer; short-term or long-term suspension; exclusion from
participation in school sponsored functions, after-school programs, and/or
extracurricular activities; limiting or denying access to a part or area of a
school; exclusion, expulsion, or discharge from school; adult supervision on
school premises; parent conferences; an apology to the victim; awareness
training (to help students understand the impact of their behavior);
participation in empathy development, cultural diversity, anti-harassment,
anti-bullying or intergroup relations programs; mandatory counseling, or any
other action authorized by and
consistent with the Student Code of Conduct and/or school disciplinary code.
The District complies with the federal and state law
requirements that apply to the discipline of students with disabilities,
including the federal “Individuals with Disabilities Education Act”
(“IDEA”).
C.
ACTION CONCERNING SCHOOL
EMPLOYEES
Disciplinary and corrective action concerning a
school employee may include, but is not limited to, a written warning,
suspension, transfer, demotion, removal from certain duties, employment
termination, supervision, training, and counseling.
Any
school community member may also pursue legal remedies or other avenues of
recourse, including filing a complaint with the Massachusetts Department of
Education (Problem Resolution System), at (617) 338-3000; the Massachusetts
Office of Attorney General, Civil Rights Division, at (617) 727-2200; the
Office of Civil Rights of the United States Department of Education, at (617)
223-9662, the Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination, at (617)
727-3990 or (413) 739-2145; or the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, at
(617) 565-3200; filing a civil lawsuit; or pursuing criminal prosecution.
GLOSSARY
OF TERMS
BULLYING:
Any written or verbal expression, or physical acts or gestures, directed at
another person(s) to intimidate, frighten, ridicule, humiliate, or cause harm
to the other person, where the conduct is not related to the person’s
membership in a protected class (e.g., race, sex).[3]
Bullying may include, but is not limited to, repeated taunting, threats
of harm, verbal or physical intimidation, cyber-bullying through e-mails,
instant messages, or websites, pushing, kicking, hitting, spitting, or taking
or damaging another’s personal property.
Bullying behavior may also constitute a crime.
(See Student Code of Conduct for how the District addresses
bullying not covered by this Policy.)
COMPLAINANT:
A person who complains about conduct covered by this Policy who is the
alleged victim of the conduct, and if a student, their parent or guardian.
DISABILITY:
A physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major
life activities (a) where the person has such an impairment, (b) has a record
of such an impairment, (c) is regarded as having an impairment, or (d) has an
individualized education program (IEP).
DISCRIMINATION:
Treating people differently, or interfering with or
preventing a person from enjoying the advantages, privileges or courses of study
in a public school because of his/her race, color, national origin, ethnicity,
religion, sex, sexual orientation, age, or disability.
A person may not be subjected to discipline or more severe punishment for
wrongdoing, nor denied the same rights as other students, because of his/her
membership in a protected class.
HARASSMENT:
Harassment
is oral, written, graphic, electronic or physical conduct on school property or
at a school-related activity relating to an individual’s actual or perceived
race, color, national origin, ethnicity, religion, sex, sexual orientation, age,
or disability (i.e., protected status), that is sufficiently severe, pervasive
or persistent so as interfere with or limit a student’s ability to participate
in or benefit from the district’s programs or activities, or to interfere with
or limit an individual’s employment, by creating a hostile, humiliating,
intimidating, or offensive educational or work environment.
For purposes of this Policy, harassment shall also mean conduct, if it
persists, that will likely create such a hostile, humiliating, intimidating or
offensive educational or work environment. A
single incident, depending on its severity, may create a hostile environment.
Harassment based on a person’s protected status may
include, but is not limited to:
<
Degrading, demeaning, insulting, or abusive verbal or written
statements;
<
Taking personal belongings, taunting, teasing, name-calling, or
spreading rumors;
<
Drawing or writing graffiti, slogans, visual displays (such as
swastikas), or symbols on school or another person’s property (e.g., books or
backpacks);
<
Telling degrading or offensive jokes;
<
Unwanted physical contact of any kind;
<
Physical violence, threats of bodily harm, physical intimidation, or
stalking;
<
Threatening letters, e-mails, instant messages, or websites;
<
Defacing, damaging, or destroying school (e.g., desks, lockers or school
walls) or
another
person’s property; or throwing objects (eggs, paint).
HATE CRIME: A crime motivated by hatred or bias, or where the
victim is targeted or selected for the crime at least in part because the person
is a different race, color, national origin, ethnicity, religion, gender, or
sexual orientation from the perpetrator or because the targeted person has a
disability. A hate crime may involve
a physical attack, threat of bodily harm, physical intimidation, or damage to
another’s property.
RETALIATION: Any form
of intimidation, reprisal, or harassment by a school community member directed
against another school community member for reporting or filing a complaint, for
aiding or encouraging the filing of a report or complaint, for cooperating in an
investigation under this policy, or for taking action consistent with this
policy.
NOTIFICATION
OF ANTI-DISCRIMINATION: Chapter 76,
Section 5 of the Massachusetts General Laws reads as follows:
Every person shall have a right to attend the public schools of the town
where he actually resides. No person
shall be excluded from or discriminated against in admission to a public school
of any town, or in obtaining the advantages, privileges and courses of study of
such public school on account of race, color, sex, religion, national origin or
sexual orientation.
NOTIFICATION
OF HOMELESS COORDINATOR: The
SECTION
504 OF THE REHABILITATION ACT OF 1973:
The
SUSPENSION
AFTER A HEARING
A student may be suspended
for disciplinary reasons for infractions of the code of conduct, following a
hearing (or upon the hearing being waived) pursuant to the following procedures:
1.
Notice of the alleged infraction(s) and of the time and place of a
hearing in the matter shall be given to the student and his/her parent or
guardian as soon as possible. Such a
notice shall also include an explanation of the evidence on hand to support the
allegation of infraction. Such
notice may be oral, and shall when feasible be followed by written notice.
The time for hearing shall in the usual case be immediately following the
incident, but not later than the school day following the day in which the
incident giving rise to the matter occurs, or in which the administrator becomes
aware of the incident. A later time
may be requested by the student or parent, who shall also have the right to
waive a hearing. Any request for a
postponement, and any waiver, shall be in writing.
Ordinarily, a request for a postponement will not be entertained except
upon good cause shown.
2.
The hearing shall be presided over by the administrator.
If the administrator has personal knowledge of the incident giving rise
to the matter, that alone shall not require that the hearing be presided over by
another administrator, although in such case the administrator shall first
specifically determine whether such personal knowledge renders him/her biased in
the ability to be impartial and fair.
3.
At the hearing, all sides shall be given an opportunity to fully present
the facts and arguments on the alleged infraction.
Failure of the student or parent to attend the hearing shall not prevent
the hearing form taking place and completing its business.
The student may be represented by legal counsel or his or her own
choosing.
4.
Upon completion of the hearing, the administrator shall render a decision
as soon as possible. The
administrator is encouraged to render a decision immediately when possible.
The decision shall, if possible, be transmitted orally to the student,
followed by a written confirmation to the student and parents.
5.
If the administrator shall determine that an infraction of the student
code has occurred, the administrator shall also impose a disciplinary measure,
which may include suspension, exclusion (suspension from school for more than
ten school day(s) or expulsion. For
these purposes “suspension, exclusion, and expulsion” mean that a student
shall not be on school property, or participate in any school function or
extra-curricular activities, including senior activities and even including the
graduation ceremony itself, for the duration of the suspension, or exclusion.
Expulsion is permanent removal from school.
Students suspended for violating the controlled substances policy will be
prohibited from performing or competing in any extra-curricular activity or
event for at least two weeks or two events, whichever is greater, from the date
of the offense.
6.
In all cases involving any suspension, it is the responsibility of the
student to obtain and complete all assignments which should be due on the day
the student returns to classes.
7.
At the termination of the suspension period, the student and his/her
parents/guardians shall report to the administrator or his/her designee prior to
the student resuming classes.
8.
The duration of any suspension shall in the usual case be left to the
administrator’s discretion (subject to the administrator’s authority to
suspend the student form extra-curricular activities, including senior
activities and the graduation ceremony itself, in the event that the suspension
period exceeds the number of days of classes left in the student’s school
year).
REPEATED
INFRACTIONS
In the usual case, no
student shall be suspended for any infraction for a period lasting longer than
ten days. If a student who has been
suspended during a school year is found after a hearing to have acted in such a
way as to have violated the student code again during the same school year than
that student shall be subject to another suspension appropriate to the
circumstances for up to another ten day period.
In the usual case, first offenders shall be subject to a suspension of
not more than five days for any one infraction, except that any student found to
have violated the policy on controlled substances or to have endangered the
safety of himself or others may be subject to greater penalties up to and
including expulsion even on his/her first offense.
[1]
Whenever this policy refers to any time frame, it shall mean as soon as
practicable under the circumstances.
[2] Any other conduct harmful to school climate and subject to discipline is governed by the Student Code of Conduct and other District policies.
[3] Experts
have determined that bullying is a form of aggression involving a power
imbalance between the bully and victim, where the bully has actual or
perceived physical, social, and/or psychological power over his or her
target(s). Bullying generally involves a pattern of conduct that is directed
at a victim, rather than a single isolated incident.